Ancient Greece Health and Medicine Essay Example

Old Greece Health and Medicine Essay Example Old Greece Health and Medicine Essay Old Greece Health and Medicine Essay Exposition Topic: Love Medicine Medication all started in Ancient Greece by one man named Hippocrates (ca. 460-377 B. C. E); he is known as the dad of medication. Everything started with the Greeks attempting to think of a rationale framework that would assist them with diagnosing certain infections. The sensible framework depended on the way that we had humors, and every individual had four humors that were substances inside our bodies. The four substances were: blood, dark bile, yellow bile, and mucus (articulated bodily fluid, which means boogers). They accepted that on the off chance that your four substances were adjusted, at that point you would stay a solid individual, yet in the event that one of your substances got inconsistent, at that point you would turn out to be sick. In the event that you turned out to be sick, at that point the specialists accepted that you had a lot of one substances and that’s what was making you sick, along these lines, they would approach attempting to evacuate whatever additional substance you had. Hippocrates likewise caused humors to relate with the seasons: the main season that of blood and air compared to spring; the mid year was fire, bile and liver; harvest time was earth, dark bile and spleen, while winter was the period of water, of mucus (bodily fluid) and of the brain† (history of medication). With respect to sicknesses a large number of them that surfaced in Ancient Greek numerous years back are as yet here today and really pass by a similar name at times. Additionally a portion of the medicines are in a similar thought as we have today, however today we have much better innovation and comprehension of what is happening. Right off the bat, the Greeks had cholesterol; cholesterol is a mix of two Greek words; â€Å"chole† meaning bile, and â€Å"steros† implies strong. Cholesterol was first found as little stones within the gallbladder, and their fix was flaxseeds which show viability is bringing down elevated cholesterol. Also, the Greeks had diabetes. Diabetes originates from the Greek prefix ‘dia’ meaning separated and the word ‘bainein’ which intends to stand, the word together implied a compass or a siphon. The word siphon was a reference to the extreme pee from an individual with diabetes. The Greeks with diabetes followed an extremely sound eating regimen and way of life, yet diabetes was an exceptionally uncommon condition in those days. Another significant ailment in old Greece was the Plague; Greece had a gigantic episode in the late spring of 430. This episode left the specialists, patients, and individuals of the time with a great deal of harm and grief; they could always remember this sickness. They truly didn't have a fix everybody was worthy to this sickness, however information from past flare-ups and data about the side effects which helped them comprehend this unbelievable malady. Different iseases that influenced the Greeks were skin break out, headaches, hypersensitivities, frailty, uncleanliness, cholera, and gonorrhea. With respect to the individuals who really rewarded the evil it was up to the, â€Å"Cult of Asclepius developed in prevalence and was a significant supplier of clinical consideration. This religion created old hypotheses and presented a few medicines not very disparate from current option medicines† (Ancient Greek Medicine). The Ancient Greeks cherished games along these lines the vast majority of the urban communities in Greece had open gyms where residents could accumulate to prepare, work out, unwind, and mingle. Greeks were a firm devotee that a solid body was significant. Men and young men would rehearses sports day by day since they delighted in the game as well as in light of the fact that they needed to remain fit and fit as a fiddle. In spite of the fact that sport wasn’t just useful for getting fit and remaining fit as a fiddle, the Greeks would utilize it to get ready for war as well; ordinary exercise was significant in a general public where men were constantly required for military help. Armed forces must be fit, they needed to walk significant distances, convey all the overwhelming gear, and start the battle with the foe. Alongside all that, the â€Å"athletics was a gigantic piece of their training, many accepted that building up the body was similarly significant as improving the psyche for in general health† (M. Hand truck). The young would work out in the wrestling-school, palastra. The palaestra was a well known spot for the Greek men of any age to mingle. The wrestling school was for the genuine rivals in the Olympics, and for the ones that were not genuine. Men would work out with an athletic coach who might utilize a long stick to call attention to blunders in specific positions and different errors. The â€Å"trainers would give close consideration to adjusting the kinds of physical exercise and the competitors diet† (M. Cart). Work refered to: Ancient Greek Mythology Diseases, Health, Illness, Infections, Conditions. (n. d. ). Home Remedies and Natural Cures for Common Illnesses. Recovered October 26, 2011, from home-solutions for you. com/realities/greek-meds. html Ancient Greek medication. (n. d. ). Schoolshistory. organization. uk online exercises GCSE study helps †Teachers assets. Recovered October 26, 2011, from schoolshistory. organization. uk/ancientgreece. htm Barrow, M. (n. d. ). Sports and the Ancient Greece Olympics . Forests Junior School, Tonbridge, Kent UK. Recovered October 26, 2011, from forests junior. kent. sch. uk/Homework/greece/sports. htm History of Medicine. (n. d. ). Benvenuto in pacs. unica. it Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia dellUniversita di Cagliari. Recovered October 26, 2011, from http://pacs. unica. it/biblio/lesson1. htm

Cute Ways to Write Your Name on Paper

Cute Ways to Write Your Name on PaperWhen you're at home or in the office, cute ways to write your name on paper will keep you entertained. When you do find the proper penmanship, it can save you from spelling mistakes. You'll also have a good excuse for not saying your name as often as you should.One of the cute ways to write your name on the paper is to write it as you see it when you're out shopping. If you find a nice pair of shoes, say that they look good on you. If it's a book or magazine you're looking at, say that you think it looks good on you. These sorts of simple things you can express in your cursive writing.Another way to help keep you amused is to write something that reminds you of what you like. Perhaps you're thinking about how great it would be to eat an ice cream cone while sitting on a couch with a glass of wine and a red warm cup of coffee. Write down those things that you like and put them in your name.When it comes to the cute ways to write your name on paper, say your name backwards. There's no need to go out and buy a pen or pencil just for this purpose. Simply write your name backwards with all of the accented letters in the middle first, then type it.As another cute ways to write your name on paper, you can write down your name in reverse order. When you first heard of the practice, they were used by people who couldn't spell their names properly. They wrote down the name backwards, but it is now a universal way to call yourself. You can do this with any name you want to make sure that the other person knows exactly who you are. You can also do this for yourself so that you remember that you're still that person.Write your name backwards if you want to. Say it and do it. It makes sense. Say your name backwards and do it so that you are clearly the one who said it and done it. Your handwriting is going to look the best when you say it backwards.There are other great ways to do this on paper. Say your name three times and put a space b etween each word. Your hands will be moving too quickly.Another way to do this is to make sure that the space between words is the same. This way you have one space and three words and you're going to make your name the easiest it can be to remember.

Research esssay on the wire and its interpretation of corrupt Essay

Research esssay on the wire and its understanding of degenerate establishments all through the arrangement - Essay Example 1). All through the arrangement, it is hard to exactly pi point down what made characters like Burrell and Rawls what their identity is. The undeniable factor would be their fixation on wrongdoing rulers and their broken administration development however this won't be sufficient. We wind up observing figures like Rawls and Burrell having been changed by their institutional practices (Alasdair, 2013, p. 1). This prompts them not fitting in with the foundation while effectively duplicating another culture through their activities. As for the above point, Cedric Daniels is certainly one of the most captivating characters. From the main arrangement we know about accessibility of a specific document that has dialed data of defilement claims comparable to the fluid resources he had gained during the start of his vocation. This makes it simpler for one to name Daniels as a degenerate individual and miscreant in the arrangement. The incongruity is that he is the main character who declines to effectively continue recreating the institutional culture and sort of administration that he indicates to be coming up short (Deleuze, 2002, p. 6). Consequently, he invests more energy to set his own gauges with the expectation that youthful official like Carver can copy (Alasdair, 2013, p. 1). ... We can watch a similar multifaceted nature reaching out to different organizations in the city during the subsequent season. During this season, dockworkers are watched framing a coalition with universal organizations predominantly spoke to by the Greeks. Through the whole arrangement, the Greeks can be regarded to be the most master individuals who are regularly considered to be secretive. Towards the sensational finish of season two, one finds that he is yet to know any names of the Greeks (Alasdair, 2013, p. 1). There is much further theory that they have connections to the FBI and it is demoralizing to discover that they are not in any case Greeks. Degenerate dockworkers like Frank Sobotka helpfully lose some transportation compartments with the goal that The Greeks can utilize them in delivery their medications and sex laborers. Blunt and his kindred specialists never trouble to pose any inquiries as long as they continue accepting their cut. To them this is another wellspring o f income and a method for supporting their families. Property designers re in bed with government officials who are resolved to possess the docks, official Valchek apparently is taking the necessary steps to disregard dockworkers, this prompts a characteristic type of partnership between the Greeks and dockworkers (Alasdair, 2013, p. 1). Because of political eagerness and police terrorizing, these two establishments have normally and unequivocally pushed the dockworkers towards the lesser malevolence (Agamben, 2000, p. 13). The watcher really want to consider Frank to be as not been diverse to that of the establishments made to ensure their advantage. Some cops can be seen attempting to put forth a valiant effort for the city of Baltimore by staying at work past 40 hours. Those in position of intensity like administration appear to put forth a valiant effort in controlling specialists to lose a few cases.

Basic Of Transfer Pricing And How It Works Research - 1650 Words

Basic Of Transfer Pricing And How It Works Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Part BTransfer Pricing and Performance in an OrganizationIntroductionTransfer pricing is used by an organization when the price of the goods and services being provided by the company is controlled or connected between the different legal entities between which it is traded. This process takes place within the organization itself and as the goods and services are being sold within the organization, it is the responsibility of the company itself to be able to set the price at which the goods are traded. For example, when a good is sold by the subsidiary to its own parent company, the sale has to be booked on the accounts of the subsidiary and then the parent as well (Kaplan Atkinson, 2015). The cost of goods at which the goods are sold to the parent are known as the transfer price and legal entities like a branch or department which is operating under the umbrella of the parent company is considered for transfer pricing.Transfer pricing is used for profit allocation in order to attribute the profit earned from a sale to the subsidiary and allows the company to set the prices based on the divisions which exist under the parent company (Sikka Willmott, 2010). The mechanism for setting the transfer pricing uses the arms length method where the price is one that a customer would pay to an independent supplier what they would get in the market or one an arms length customer would be willing to pay in the market.Use of transfer pricingTransfer pricing is primarily used in organizations of companies whose operations are divided into smaller departments or divisions which have a certain amount of autonomy over their functionality. Transfer pricing is used in accounting as there is a need to value the goods and services used by the company. There is a need to record all amounts and legitimate methods for calculation of value are needed to correctly represent the values involved (Perron et al., 2010). Fair value is one of the most basic measure of value where any good or service is measured based on what it would cost or would be sold for in the market which has a sufficient number of buyers and sellers.Goods and services being traded between two divisions or departments within a company cannot be measured in terms of their value to one department or another but an accounting requirement is to book it as a sale for one division while it is considered a purchase for the other department. This is needed in order to present a true and fair picture of cost and sales of both departments and the company in the end. Transfer pricing is used for that purpose as it is the value at which division A is able to sale the good to the other division and allows associating a numerical value to the transaction being carried out.Transfer price is able to allow both companies to determine their revenue and profitability in a more efficient and realistic manner. Accounting figures are mostly used for decision making by managers and these figures need to capture and encompass all the operations of a company. Without transfer pricing, the revenues and profitability of a division will not present the right picture and might distort the accounting figures (Zimmerman Yahya-Zadeh, 2011). Based on the assumptions being used by the accountants or ones interpreting the financial information, accounting data might be used to present a disfigured picture of the company or its branches which need to be corrected before any sort of decisions are made on them.Application of transfer pricingTransfer pricing is always used when an organization is divided into multiple departments or divisions and there is a constant of flow of goods and services being traded between all the divisions. There is a need for the divisions to be able to report their sales and performance separately. The accounting system being used at the organization will look to make sure that the goods and services leaving their department are considered as being as the sales f or their own department. In order to record them properly, they will need a monetary value for the transaction (Pfeiffer et al., 2011). This monetary value is negotiated between the two departments or can be determined by the head office of the company itself in order to allow the departments or the divisions to be able to report their earnings and profits.Quantitative measurement of performanceTransfer pricing is key in order to determine the performance of the company. Once the revenue or profit has been determined, the success of the division can be determined in a much better manner. In the most basic manner, the company can look at the absolute and relative profit that the division is earning. This can be considered one of the most basic measures as it shows how much profit a division is earning and whether it is profitable to the company or not. This is a very robust measure to show profitability of a division but can be developed further (Grant, 2011; Lohse et al., 2012). Th e relative performance can be measured by looking at the return on investment (ROI) of the company itself. This is the amount of profit the division is able to earn based on the investment that has been made in that division. This allows the company to know based on their investment, how much has been earned by the division itself.This can be used as comparable measure between the departments and lets the company determine if future profits can be expected based on the investment being carried out. In simple terms, it can be seen how much the company is able to get for each dollar it is spending. This can also show if the performance of a division was unsatisfactory for the company and whether the continuity of the division will be good for the company in the long run. Similarly, the residual value added by the project can be evaluated. Residual value is another measure which uses the context of profit being earned by the division above its cost of capital. Even though return on inv estment can be used as a measure to monitor the performance of the company, residual income is able to bring each division further into context by matching the profits to the cost of capital of the division itself (Cristea Nguyen, 2014).This shows whether the capital being employed by the company is earning enough profits and based on the capital mix at the company; the profitability is able to match compared to other departments. The last measurement of performance in terms of numerical values is economic value added. This last measure is able to see the profitability of the division above the required return of the shareholders. This is the most stringent measure as it able to see if the division is able to meet the needs and required return of the shareholders as well. Divisions which exceed this return will be considered the best performing in the company. These divisions can be used to balance out certain divisions which are not seen as being well performing but necessary for the company to maintain. These measures can be used to measure the performance of the company in numerical terms. By the use of transfer pricing, a division will be able to determine the revenue and profitability of the company which can then be used to evaluate the performance of the divisions individually (Drucker, 2010).Qualitative measures of performanceIn addition to the quantitative measures, there are also certain qualitative measures which can be used in order to measure the performance of the company. The decision to abandon or continue a division within the company uses transfer pricing in order to see how well the division is performing. For divisions which are proving to be a drain for the company, the company might decide to buy in those products from a third party rather than make them in house as it will prove to be cheaper...

Link Between Autism And Noonan Syndrome - 1135 Words

Ghaziuddin, Bolyard, and Alessi (1994) sought a connection between autism and Noonan Syndrome. All testing done for this study was characterized as a formal assessment. They were as follows: The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and Test of Problem Solving skills. For speech and language evaluation specifically, the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised was given. (Ghaziuddin, Bolyard, Alessi, 1994) Wilson and Dyson (1982) targeted speech and language characteristics of children with Noonan Syndrome. They used the following assessments to evaluate the speech and language development of children: The Vocabulary Comprehension Scale, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and an Oral Mechanism Exam. A language sample was also taken and used to analyze pragmatic skills, semantic relationships, and phonological processes. (Wilson Dyson, 1982) Lee, Portnoy, Hill, and Patton (2005) studied the psychological aspect of children with Noonan Syndrome. All of the assessments were conducted in the child’s most natural environment, which was their home setting. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised was used to test the children’s overall intelligence. This test is often used in many of these studies to obtain a type of baseline for each child. This is helpful, because then children from multiple studies can be compared as opposed to children from just one particular study. This is due to the fact that the

Negative Externality Pollution Essay - 554 Words

Negative Externality Pollution Negative Externality: Pollution Pollution has become a heated issue in recent years. The destruction of the environment along with serious health problems are the eventual effects. The extensive use and availability of automobiles, tremendous amounts of production in the booming economy and the constant increase in demand for energy, can be held responsible. Pollution and its effects can definitely be categorized as negative externalities. Although millions are inevitably responsible, nobody in their right mind enjoys being subjected to these conditions. Long-term affects of air pollution include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves,†¦show more content†¦By limiting the amount of pollution will diminish the risk of health problems caused by these toxins. Now many industries have gotten involved with a technique called carbon trading in which those with high pollution releases buy the rights to pollute from others with low amounts of releases. This is a controversial approach to reduce pollution because it allows unnecessary amounts of pollution to be released. If companies chose to sell their rights, what they sell would not have been used in the first place; now they will be used by companies who can afford to purchase them. It is extremely expensive to purchase these rights, however some major companies can do so. In my opinion, all pollution standards should be tightened but over a period of time. I agree totally that pollution is out of hand at the current time, however it is a problem that has built up for many years and can’t be solved all at once. I feel that it is somewhat unfair to those companies who depend on their current status. By implementing procedures and regulations that are to occur over a period of time, it allows many companies to adjust gradually. I also feel that this policy of carbon trading should be eliminated. Although it does generate income for industries that currently comply, it allows many others to evade responsibility. I also feel that such things as public transportation and carpooling should be stressed. It provides an alternative that will drasticallyShow MoreRelatedPositive Vs. Negative Externalities1254 Words   |  6 PagesPositive vs. Negative Externalities An externality exists when a third party who is not directly involved in a transaction (as a buyer or seller of the goods or services) incurs a cost or benefit. In other words, an externality arises when a third party to a transaction experiences side effects (which can be negative or positive to them) due to transactions between buyers and sellers. 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Quick Survey on Cloud Computing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Quick Survey on Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction: Cloud Computing has able to grab the attention in the market by the business organization. The trend of the Cloud Computing has been increasing among the operational management of the business organization. This have helped in implementing the cloud services in the business organization. The concept of the cloud computing has been discussed with its benefits in the business organization (Almorsy, Grundy Ibrahim, 2014). Various cloud models are properly explained with diagrams. However, development of the cloud services have given rise different cyber threats in the business organizations. This security threats are discussed with proper solution to it. Cloud Computing is a set of resources, which is in demand in the market. Different new ways of business and services are proposed by the Cloud Computing. Therefore, this innovation have provided various opportunities and changes in the operation of the business organization. It has provided distributed data centers all over the world. The cloud computing have helped in creating a virtual world of services and proper delivery of it. Different companies are providing cloud-computing services including Google Engine, Oracle Cloud, Amazon Web Services and Office 365 (Almorsy, Grundy Muller, 2016). These companies have successfully provided cloud services to different organizations and users in all over the world. Cloud computing have created a web based network that initializes different online services to customers and organizations all over the word. Cloud Computing is distributed architecture, which helps in centralizing server resources on scalable platform and provide on demand com puting resources. Cloud computing helps in providing in demand service to the customers. The hackers access databases in cloud environments with the help of hacking techniques including session hijacking and network channel eavesdropping. Cloud computing has accelerate the growth of the company by empowering the workforce and transforming the business operations. The solutions have been developed by the cloud computing that signifies the vision of the company with maximum flexibility and minimum risk (Au, Fung Tses, 2016). Most of the business organizations are using the cloud services to meet requirements of the clients and employees of the company. There are has been logical progression in demand of cloud computing in market. Features of Cloud Computing There are various features of the cloud computing that are discussed below: The cloud computing has able to provide on demand services to the customers. The availability of cloud services have helped in meeting the requirements of the customers in market. The cloud computing services are available and accessible from any part of the world. Therefore, it helps in providing location independent services all over the world. The resources of the cloud computer can be accessed from anywhere on the demand of the user. The cloud computing have able to provide elasticity in its services by scaling up and down to minimize the time required for availing the resources of cloud computing. The cloud services that are shared with public and can be modified and accessed by any user is known as public cloud (Almorsy, M; Grundy, J; Muller, 2016). The data and information stored in the pubic cloud can be used by any user in the organization. Therefore, the security in the public cloud is preferably less than other cloud types. This type of the cloud provide the most secured services to the customers. The data and information stored in the private cloud is not shared with other parties (Hussain et al., 2017). This cloud might be organized by an organization for storing their private and important documents and information over the cloud. The private cloud is an expensive service due to its high security systems. Hybrid cloud is combination of different cloud architecture including public, private and community cloud. Different organization use this type of cloud according to their needs. Some data and information are shared with the customers and employees that are stored in the public cloud (Abdallah et al., 2017). The confidential data and information are stored in private cloud. Therefore, organization have flexibility of using their own cloud architecture according to their needs. The community cloud deals with the sharing of the cloud services between the organizations of the same community. This cloud is maintained by third party or by organization (Demchenko et al., 2017). The community cloud infrastructure can be internally and externally fixed that helps in providing the cloud services to the community. Community cloud consumers look for economies of scale while at same time minimizing costs related with private clouds or hybrid clouds and public clouds Service Model of Cloud Computing Cloud computing services models helps in providing various services to the customers and organization according to their needs and requirements. The common service models of cloud computing are discussed below: User used to avail all the infrastructure of the computer system through internet. This service is known as Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). There are various web based databases and architectures provided by cloud computing that helps in meeting the infrastructural requirement of user and organization (De Carvalhoet al., 2017). Therefore, the cloud computing has able to provide database, backups, networks and other infrastructural facility to the companies through internet. This has increased the versatility of the cloud computing in the computer organization. The benefit of the IaaS is that the user only pay for actual use of infrastructure. Platform-as-a service (PaaS) helps in providing platform where any software can be made, modified and executed for testing purpose. This platform can help in operating the entire life cycle of the software. The service model is suitable of application developers, testers and administrators in an organization. PaaS includes the environment for developing, compiling, testing and programming languages for modifying the required changes in the software (Perez Kumar, 2017). Therefore, the cloud computing us able to provide these services to the companies at a low cost online. Therefore, the company can use these services online from any server and place. This is one of the most used services used by the users and organization in the market. Various software are costly in the market that a business cannot afford for use. Therefore, cloud computing helps in providing this costly software at a low cost for rent. Various software and applications are rented on a monthly basis as per the requirement of the company in the market. Therefore, this reduces the initial cost of the company for stating the business (Burns et al., 2017). For example, Gmail is a SaaS provider that helps in providing free storage up to a limit for the users. SaaS helps in eliminating all the possibilities of installing and maintaining software and application for organization. Therefore, it helps in reducing the cost of the software for organization in the market. Market Size of the Cloud Computing Cloud computing has been enhancing among business organization in the market. According to the study reported by Forbes, global market of enterprise cloud-based services have grown from $12.1 billion in 2010 to $ 35.6 billion in 2015. Growth rate has been 43 % in 2011 and decreased to 13 % over the next five years (Cloud Security Alliance, 2017). SaaS have 70 % revenue in 2010, 30% is related with the IaaS. As per the report of the IDC, revenue from public IT cloud services exceeded $ 16 billion in 2009 to $ 55.5 billion in 2014. The worldwide spending on the pubic cloud services has grown up to 19.4 %. The Compound Annual Growth Rate has been nearly $70 billion in 205 to more than $141 billion in 2019 (Luitinfotech, 2017). Worldwide Public IT Cloud Service Revenue in 2018 is predicted to be $127B. SaaS and PaaS portion of cloud hardware and infrastructure software spending are projected to reach $55 billion in 2026. Cloud Security Issues The use of the cloud computing have helped in development of organizations. However, it has faced various security issues over the internet. Some of the main security issues are discussed below: Confidentiality refers to set of rules and regulation that monitors the working and functionality of the tools and techniques used in the cloud computing these of the security measures for securing data and information has been continuously lacking in case of cloud computing. Therefore, confidentiality refers to securing data and information of customers and organizations in the market. The use of personal information of users is not acceptable in the organization. The security of data and information of customer is the prior thing for organization (Cimler et al., 2015). The cloud computing has helped in storing the personal data over the cloud storage. However, there have been many cases of data breach from the cloud storage over the internet. The security protocol of the cloud computing has been attacked by the hackers over the internet. The cloud computing consist of three layers including Software layer, Platform layer and Infrastructure layer. The Software layer provides interfa ce for user to use services of cloud computing. The platform helps in providing platform and environment for executing software by developer (Coppolino et al., 2017). The infrastructure layer helps in providing the hardware components including network and storage. Therefore, the hackers can attack at any of the three layers for accessing the data and information of the company over the cloud. The storage of the data an information at the remote location with the help of cloud computing might causes issues in the organization. The location of the data and information is only known by the data owner. Therefore, in the absence of the data owner, data and information is unable to access by the organization in emergency cases (Coughlin, Keller Wustrow, 2017). Therefore, threats to availability of the data and information is prevailing in the organization with use of cloud computing. The cloud computing is responsible for providing on demand services to the customers. Therefore, in the absence of the data owner, it can fulfill the requirement of the clients that violates the Service level Agreement for the cloud computing. The integrity of the data and information is an important in maintaining the database of the cloud. It is good process for storage of data in a secure way persistent data storage, which can be, reclaim or retrieved in same layout, as it was stored later (Dang-Pham, Pittayachawan Bruno, 2017). Therefore, integrity and monitoring of the data and information for minimizing data corruption and data crash in the server. Virtualization and multi tenancy Virtualization and multi tenancy are the two basic factors in use of the cloud computing in the business organizations. The traditional way of hosting applications involves the use of operating system on physical layer. Therefore, thus type of traditional hosting method has been used for creating a functional efficient cloud. These can be achieved with the help of linking multiple servers using Virtual LAN (VLAN) (Dave et al., 2017). However, this process is insecure and inefficient for long term, as huge part of physical hardware is not used. Therefore, Virtualization has helped in maintaining these issues in the cloud computing the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) has been created for a single physical server that can host multiple server at a time in the operating system (Mohammad, Kak Alam, 2017). Therefore, a single server can act as multiple processing server at a time. It has enhanced the efficiency of the hardware and enhancing its performance. The virtual layer is also known a s hypervisor. Two ways of using this hypervisor for running virtual machines (VM) (Krishna et al., 2016). These are known as full virtualization and paravirtualization. A VM deployed using full virtualization has emulating BIOS and drives of the OS, in addition to the other functions. There are two architectures for deploying virtual machines hosted architecture. The hosted architecture, the virtual layer is handled by server. The application is charged for keeping up the virtual machines in the operating system. However, the hypervisor architecture skips operating system and runs directly on hardware. Multi tenancy helps in allowing multiple sharing if the computing resources in logical separation of the users in the tenant of a system. In the context of cloud computing, each virtual machines are consider as a tenant of the system (Lin Liao, 2017). Multi tenancy is not limited to the multiple virtual machines that are running in the same hardware. Software and applications are able to use multiple tenants for enhancing the efficiency of the virtual machines in the operating system. In IaaS cloud models, users create new drives on virtual machines and store data on those drives (Luna et al., 2017). However, data in all three-cloud models can be accessed by unauth orized employees and external hackers. Data Encryption Schemes Various security issues discussed in the earlier sections. However, there are some solutions for mitigating the issues in the cloud computing related to security of the data and information. The Proxy Re-encryption is cryptographic scheme that translate cipher texts from one encryption key to another key. After that, PRE forwards encrypted messages without showing clear text to the potential users. A proxy re-encryption algorithm translates a cipher text under a public key PKa to cipher text PKb along with re-encryption key RK A B. In this encryption scheme, IP address or email addresses can be used to formulate public keys for users. The sender uses recipients identity as the public key to encrypt messages in identity based encryption technique. The proxy requires proxy keys, or re-encryption keys, to perform translations without being reading original message (McCormac et al., 2017). The IBE technique has various practical applications including attribute-based delegations, secure email forwarding, and access control in networked file storage. This encryption scheme deals with a proxy server that helps in maintaining additional information that can be transform into cipher text under various attributes into a new cipher text on the same message. Therefore, the data provider might get the original text that helps in sharing the cipher text in the message. In this scheme, private key user has an asset of attributes that helps in providing encrypted cipher text that might specify an access policy (Modi et al., 2013). In this scheme, the data is encrypted in the storage on various server that helps in maintaining back up for the original text and message. In a key private PRE, the proxy and set of users are never derived by message recipient from cipher text and public keys. This scheme helps in helps in providing key privacy for proxy re-encryption schemes in which proxy performs all translations that cannot distinguish the identities of participating parties (Mishra, 2017). It can be concluded that the use of the cloud computing in the business organization have helped in maintaining the development of the organization. The benefits of cloud computing has been discussed properly. The growth of cloud computing in market has been rapid due to its on demand services provided to the customers. The use of the cloud computing has helped in maintaining the business goals and objectives of the company in market. The security and privacy of the data and information has been properly maintained by the cloud computing by using various strategies. The virtualization technique in the operating system has helped in enhancing hardware of the computer system. The use of the virtualization process has helped in maintaining the performance if the operating system in the computer system. Various encryption technique has been discussed in the assignment for mitigating the security issues in the cloud computing. References Abdallah, E. G., Zulkernine, M., Gu, Y. X., Liem, C. (2017, July). TRUST-CAP: A Trust Model for Cloud-Based Applications. In Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), 2017 IEEE 41st Annual (Vol. 2, pp. 584-589). IEEE. Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Ibrahim, A. S. (2014). Adaptable, model-driven security engineering for SaaS cloud-based applications. Automated software engineering, 21(2), 187-224. Almorsy, M; Grundy, J; Muller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Au, C. H., Fung, W. S., Tses, A. (2016). An investigation on the relationship between control self-assessment, cloud security, and cloud-related business performance-using partial least squares. In Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2016 IEEE International Conference (pp. 1879-1883). IEEE. Behl, A., Behl, K. (2012). An analysis of cloud computing security issues. In Information and Communication Technologies (WICT), 2012 World Congress (pp. 109-114). IEEE. Burns, A. J., Posey, C., Courtney, J. F., Roberts, T. L., Nanayakkara, P. (2017). Organizational information security as a complex adaptive system: insights from three agent-based models. Information Systems Frontiers, 1-16. Cimler, R., Matyska, J., Balk, L., Horalek, J., Sobeslav, V. (2015). security issues of mobile application using cloud computing. In Afro-European Conference for Industrial Advancement (pp. 347-357). Springer, Cham. Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)s Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing (2012). CSA, April 2012. Available Online at: https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/csaguide.pdf. Coppolino, L., DAntonio, S., Mazzeo, G., Romano, L. (2017). Cloud security: Emerging threats and current solutions. omputers Electrical Engineering, 59, 126-140. Coughlin, M., Keller, E., Wustrow, E. (2017). Trusted Click: Overcoming security issues of NFV in the Cloud. In Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on security in Software Defined Networks Network Function Virtualization (pp. 31-36). ACM. Dang-Pham, D., Pittayachawan, S., Bruno, V. (2017). Why employees share information security advice? Exploring the contributing factors and structural patterns of security advice sharing in the workplace. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 196-206. Dave, D., Meruliya, N., Gajjar, T. D., Ghoda, G. T., Parekh, D. H., Sridaran, R. (2017). Cloud security Issues and Challenges. In Big Data Analytics (pp. 499-514). Singapore: Springer. De Carvalho, C. A., de Castro Andrade, R. M., de Castro, M. F., Coutinho, E. F., Agoulmine, N. (2017). State of the art and challenges of security SLA for cloud computing. Computers Electrical Engineering. Demchenko, Y., Turkmen, F., Slawik, M., de Laat, C. (2017). Defining Intercloud security Framework and Architecture Components for Multi-Cloud Data Intensive Applications. In Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGRID), 2017 17th IEEE/ACM International Symposium (pp. 945-952). IEEE. Hussain, S. A., Fatima, M., Saeed, A., Raza, I., Shahzad, R. K. (2017). Multilevel classification of security concerns in cloud computing. Applied Computing and Informatics, 13(1), 57-65. Krishna, B. H., Kiran, S., Murali, G., Reddy, R. K. (2016). security Issues In Service Model Of Cloud Computing Environment. Procedia Computer Science, 87, 246-251. Kshetri, N. (2013). Security and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution. Telecommunications Policy, 37(4), 372-386. Lin, I. C., Liao, T. C. (2017). A Survey of Blockchain security Issues and Challenges. IJ Network security, 19(5), 653-659. Luitinfotech. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. Luitinfotech.com. Retrieved 23 November 2017, from https://www.luitinfotech.com/kc/what-is-cloud-computing.pdf Luna, J., Taha, A., Trapero, R., Suri, N. (2017). Quantitative reasoning about cloud security using service level agreements. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. McCormac, A., Zwaans, T., Parsons, K., Calic, D., Butavicius, M., Pattinson, M. . (2017). Individual differences and information security awareness. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 151-156. Mishra, A. (2017). Cloud Computing Models: Background, Data security, security Issues. Journal of Web Development and Web Designing, 2(1,2). Modi, C., Patel, D., Borisaniya, B., Patel, A., Rajarajan, M. (2013). A survey on security issues and solutions at different layers of Cloud computing. The Journal of Supercomputing, 63(2), 561-592. Mohammad, A., Kak, S. M., Alam, M. A. (2017). Cloud Computing: Issues and security Challenges. International Journal, 8(2). Perez, M., Kumar, S. (2017). A Quick Survey on Cloud Computing and Associated Security, Mobility and IoT Issues. Journal of Computer and Communications, 5(12), 80.

Report on UBL Essay Example

Report on UBL Essay Executive Summary UBL is the second largest bank of Pakistan with assets of over Rs. 550 billion and a solid track record of forty six years in addition to the convenience of over 1400 branches serving its customers throughout the country and also at several overseas locations. In this 8 weeks internship program I have worked in Regional Credit Administration Departments (MIS section, Processing section, Documentation section) of this high class bank of Pakistan where I have learned about banking from experienced managers running these sections. During my internship I have found that in banking sector concentration and consistency is of utmost importance. Your little mistake can create a big problem. I have been worked in credit administration department for eight weeks, two weeks in Processing section, two weeks in Documentation section and four weeks in MIS section. This report contains the information and learning about UBL that I learnt during the 8 weeks internship period in United Bank limited. This report deals with Credit Administration Department in which I worked. Recognizing the need of Islamic banking, UBL also provided number of Islamic banking services like Islamic Deposit Schemes and Islamic Fund Based Facilities. At the end of the report, on basis of my observation during internship, financial analysis and SWOT analysis of UBL is provided. Suggestions are also recommended as per learning from analysis. This report will provide a better and brief learning about United Bank Limited. Background of Organization [pic] History of Banking â€Å"Bank is a pipeline through which currency moves into and out of circulation. Bank accepts deposits and repays cash to its customers on their demand. The Bank borrows money at a lesser rate of interest and lends it to the borrowers at a higher rate. It is thus a profit-lending concern. Bank cannot lend all the money that has been deposited with it. It has to keep a certain portion of the total deposits in cash with them in order to meet the cash requirements of the individuals and business concern. Banki ng History Word Bank is said to be derived from the words Banc us or Banque or Bank. The history of banking is traced to as early as 2000 BC. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on UBL specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report on UBL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report on UBL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The priests in Greece used to keep money and valuables of the people in temples. These priests thus acted as financial agents. The origin of banking is also traced to early goldsmiths. They used to keep strong safes for storing the money and valuables of the people. The persons who had surplus money found it safe and convenient to deposit their valuables with them. The FIRST STAGE in the development of modern banking, thus, was the accepting of deposits of cash from those persons who had surplus money with them. The goldsmiths used to issue receipts for the money deposited with them. These receipts began to pass from hand to hand in settlement of transactions because people had confidence in the integrity and solvency of goldsmiths. When it was found that these receipts were drawn in such a way that it entitles any holder to claim the specified amount of money from goldsmiths. A depositor who is to make the payments may now get the money in cash from goldsmiths or pay over the receipt to the creditor. These receipts were the earlier bank notes. The SECOND STAGE in development of banking thus was the issue of bank notes. The goldsmiths soon discovered that all the people who had deposited money with them did not come to withdraw their funds in cash. They found that only a few persons presented the receipt for encashment during a given period of time. They also found that most of the money deposited with was lying idle. At the same time, they found that they were being constantly requested for loan on good security. They thought it profitable to lend at least some of the money deposited with them too the needy persons. This proved quite a profitable business for the goldsmiths. They instead of charging interest from the depositors began to give them interest on the money deposited with them. This was the THIRD STAGE, in the development of banking. By experience the banks came to know that they could keep a small proportion of the total deposits for meeting the demands of customers for cash and the rest they could easily lend. They allowed the depositors to draw over and above the money actually standing to their credit. In Economics terminology we can say that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. This was the FOURTH STAGE, in development of banking. When every bank issues receipts and most of them allowed the overdraft facilities, there was then too much confusion in the banking system. The banks in order to earn profits could not keep adequate reserves for meeting the demands of the customers for cash. The failures on the part of the bankers to return money caused widespread distress among the peoples. In order to create confidence among the people, steps were taken to regulate the banking organization. A conference was held in Nuremberg in 1548. It was decided that a bank should be set up by the state, which should streamline the banking organization and technique. The first central bank was formed in Geneva in 1578. Bank of England was established in 1694. The responsibility of issuing of notes is now entrusted to a central bank of each country. Commercial Banking in Pakistan At the time of partition total numbers of Banks were 38 only. Out of these Banks the Pakistani Banks were only 2, Indian Banks 29 Exchange Banks were 7. The total of deposits of Pakistani Banks was Rs. 880 Million. advances were Rs: 198 Million. According to banking companies ordinance Banks are the companies, which transacts the business of Banking in Pakistan. Commercial Banks have constituted the most important part of the intuitional credit in the economy of Pakistan. Being the largest source of credits, Banking Industry is a pivot of whole the economic activities in Pakistan. Section 37(2A) of State Bank of Pakistan Act 1965 lays down that the Banks must have paid-up capital reserve of not less then Rs: 5 Lac fulfilling certain other requirements for declaring as â€Å"Scheduled Bank†. At the time of independence Bank services was badly affected. But with the passage of time these are improving. The government of Pakistan nationalized all Banks in early 1974. This act was done to minimize control of few hands over banking. But this step was proved e futile for the Banking in Pakistan. So the Govt. had to revise its decision in1990. Two Banks (Allied Bank Of Pakistan Limited Muslim commercial Bank Of Pakistan Limited have been denationalized. Since then Banks were working well. Now slogan of the Banks is to serve their customers in the best possible manner. Professor Berton: â€Å"Banks are the guardian distributor of money â€Å". Similarly we can say that it is a pipeline thorough which currency moves into outside the circle. Banks accept deposited of money and repay it on demand. Bank borrows money at lesser rate of interest lends it at higher rate of interest. In this way Banks earn money. Bank do not lend all money they collect, they keep certain portion of it as reserve to meet the uncertain demand of the customer. [pic] Functions of a Commercial Bank In general terms the functions of a commercial bank can be classified under the following main heads. Accepting Deposits Some people have excess money and they want to deposits it to some honest man or an institution which can give them some profit. So the first function of commercial bank is to receive deposit there are three types of deposits. Demand Deposits or Current Deposits Some people deposit their excess money in the current accounts and they can withdraw their money deposited in this account at any time during the banking hours, so bank is not ready to give interest on it Fixed Deposits These deposits are fixed for a particular period. Commercial banks also pay an interest on these accounts. An important thing related to it is the varying interest rates for the different period deposits. Interest rate increases with the increase in the fixed deposit period. Saving Deposits To create the habit of savings, bank accepts the saving deposits and pays an interest on these deposits. And this rate of interest is greater than the demand deposits. Advancing Loans Bank also advances the loans to the merchants and charges the interest. It is the major source of its income. It also issues the loan for short term, medium term and for long term. And bank receives the higher interest from the borrower for the long term loans offered. Discounting of Bill Commercial banks also discount the bills and facilitate the business; for example one businessman purchases anything from another person and promises to pay after one month. The seller will write a bill to the buyer and there will be an order that after one month the buyer will pay the amount to the seller. Buyer will sign on the bill. In other words buyer will accept the responsibility of that amount. If seller is in need of money, he will take it to the bank and will receive the money by discounting the bills. The commercial bank also may rediscount it from the central bank. Cheap Medium of Exchange By issuing cheques and drafts bank provides cheap, medium of exchange. Transfer of Money The commercial bank is very helpful in transferring the money from one place to another by issuing the drafts. This is very popular concept in the modern world and widely used in the business community. Custodian of Precious Articles Banks also provide lockers for the safety of precious articles. So now everyone can secure his precious metals like gold, silver, etc. , and bank charges a very nominal charge for this facility. Agency Services Commercial Banks also perform the duty of an agent. It collects and pays on the behalf of the customers. Investment On behalf of the customers all the banks also make an investment in different companies and industries. And banks receive nominal charge from the customers. Creation of Credit It also creates and extends the volume of credit. Facilitating Trade Activities It also provides the finance to the foreign trade. Letter of credits are issued by the commercial banks for the foreign payments. Purchase and Sale of Securities The commercial bank purchases and sells the securities, for itself and sometimes on the behalf of the costumes. Acting as a Trustee If a client directs his bank to act as a trustee in the administration of a business, the bank performs this responsibility. Role of Commercial Bank in the Economic Development of Pakistan Banks play an important role in the economic development of country. If our Banking system is not in accordance to the economic requirement then how it can play a vital role in our developments. The State Bank of Pakistan is at the apex and all the commercial Banks have to follow the rules of State Bank of Pakistan. Role of the banking sector can be judged by the following facts: Saving Mobilization The commercial Banks namely United Bank Limited Pakistan, Habi Bank Ltd, Allied Bank Of Pakistan Ltd. National Bank has opened Branches in urban areas rural areas to mobilize savings of people. Financing of Development Projects Banks other financial institutions like ADBP, IDBP, and PICIC etc. Advances short medium terms loans for financing of the development projects both in the private public sectors . So they helping to accelerate the rate of progress (Economic) in the country. Enhancing Trade Activities The credit institutions collect the savings of people make them available for facilitating the trade activities both inside outside the country. Creating Climate for Capital Formation A developed baking system stimulates the growth of economy by creating favorable climate for capital formation in the Country. Help of State Bank of Pakistan in Achieving Monetary Publishes Commercial Banks under the supervision guidance of the S. B. P help in implementing achieving the objective of monetary policy, which vary from time to time. Assist In Planned Development Commercial Banks are profit-seeking enterprises. In order to maximize profit they have the incentive from S. B. P to maximize the limit of finance. An organized Banking system keeps balance between the liquidity * profitability, thus assists in the planed development of the Country. Profit Sharing Scheme Commercial Banks receive surplus balance of the households and business pay interest on the deposit of client. The depositors instead of having a fixed return on the deposit will share in the profit loss of the Bank. The profit loss scheme arrangement is the alternative to interest, under an Islamic economic system, which is since on the experimental basis in Pakistan. Introduction to United Bank Limited UBL is the second largest bank of Pakistan with assets of over Rs. 550 billion and a solid track record of forty six years in addition to the convenience of over 1400 branches serving you throughout the country and also at several overseas locations. Date Established November 7, 1959 Chairman His Highness Shaikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan Branches 1400 Domestic, 19 Overseas Branches (Ten countries) Representative Offices Tehran Subsidiary United Bank AG Zurich, Switzerland United National Bank Limited, UK (Joint venture with NBP) UBL Fund Managers Limited Associated Company Oman United Exchange Company, Muscat Offshore Banking Unit Export Processing Zone, EPZ Branch, Karachi, Pakistan Head Office State Life Insurance Corp. Building #1, I. I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi, Pakistan P. O. Box No. : 4306 Phone: (92-21) 111-825-111 Gram: UNITED Fax: (92-21) 2413492 Board of Directors ChairmanCFO Secretary Mr. Atif R. BokhariMr. Obbad Fazal Chief Executive OfficerAuditors Mr. Muhammad Ali1)KPMG Taseer Hadi co. Chartered Accountants. 2) A. F Ferguson Co. Charted Accountants Board of Directors Legal Advisor Mohsin Tayebaly CO Mr. Atif R. Bokhari Chairman/Director Mr. Mansoor KhanDirector Mr. Aameer KarachiwalaDirector Mr. Kashif ShahDirector Mr. Hassan RazaDirector Mr. Mohammad Asghar Director Mr. Ali Sameer farouquiDirector Mr. Saeed IqbalDirector Mir Muhammad AliCEO/Director Audit Committee Mr. Aameer M. Karachiwala Mr. Ali Sameer, Mr. Saeed Iqbal Hierarchy of the Management [pic] Credit Rating Credit Rating by JCR VIS Credit Rating Company Limited June 30, 08 Long Term Rating: AA +’ United Bank Limited is one of the largest Commercial Bank in Pakistan. The Banks long term rating is AA +, which denotes good credit quality. Protection factors are strong. Risk is modest but may vary slightly from time to time because of economic conditions. Short Term Rating A-1+ The short-term rating is A-1+, which denotes the highest certainty of timely payment. Short-term liquidity, including internal operating factors and / or access to alternative sources of funds, is outstanding and safety is just below risk free Government of Pakistans short-term obligations. Term Finance Certificate Rating TFC I: AA TFC II: AA TFC III: AA TFC IV: AA Business Operations [pic] Reorganization of Domestic Operation In 1986, the organizational structure of domestic operations of the bank was reformed and decentralized on the basis of provinces. As a result provincial headquarters were established at Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta in order to meet the needs of sanctioning loans and other facilities to the trade, industry and agriculture of each province. Azad Kashmir was serrated from NWFP and made separate region. The quantum of work immensely increased due to the growth of economic activities and phase of industrialization and other change in Punjab and Sindh. It was also considered necessary to improve the quality of advances and to expedite the recovery process of the loans and advances. Formation of Regional Headquarters The provincial chiefs of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Baluchistan are ceased to function and in their place nine regional chief executives started functioning in the nine major cities. The new segmentation of UBL’s branches on the basis of regions can be looked from the following: Province Wise Region Allocation Provinces |Regions | |Punjab |Islamabad | | |Lahore | | |Lahore East | | |Lahore West | | |Faisalabad | | |Multan | | |Karachi | |Sindh |Hyderabad | | Peshawar | |NWFP | | |Baluchistan |Quetta | | |MuzafarAbad | |Azad Kashmir | | Locations With an integrated network of over 1400 branches in Pakistan as well as Overseas, UBL gives direct access to a comprehensive range of better banking facilities to help monitor the business locally as well as internationally. [pic] Community Services UBL is committed to the welfare of Pakistan. It lends to farmers for the purchase of tractors, superior quality seed and fertilizers. UBL further fosters the individual welfare and well being of the common man by lending house building finance and loans to set up small businesses. UBL has played a leading role in the dissemination of Computer Technology in Pakistan and is dedicated to the promotion of sports. †¢ Agricultural Loans †¢ Small Business Scheme †¢ UBL Computer Training Institute †¢ Staff Colleges of UBL †¢ UBL Sports Complex Agricultural Loans UBL’s agricultural loans on easy terms and conditions to small-scale land owning farmers boost the country’s economy and yield greener harvests. UBL enables farmers to buy good quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural implements. Small Business Scheme Under the Small Business Scheme, UBL is providing loans on easy terms to those who wish to set up their own small-scale business. This scheme is aimed at spreading prosperity in the country by reducing unemployment. As more and more people start their own industrial units, the country will move steadily towards economic self-reliance. UBL Computer Training Institute UBL is a pioneer in the computerization of banking in Pakistan, and now plays a leading role in the dissemination of Computer Technology in Pakistan and is proud to be a part of the Government’s Computer Literacy Program aimed at preparing the younger generation to meet the challenges of tomorrow. UBL, the leading user of Computer Technology in the Banking Sector has set up most modern facilities at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, and Sheikhupura for imparting training to the educated youth under the Government’s Computer Literacy Program. These centers are equipped with state of the art hardware and audio-visual aids and are manned by experienced professionals. Staff Colleges of UBL The UBL has three staff colleges, which are generating banking trained personnel. These colleges are at Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi, established in 1964, 1978 and 1977 respectively. These staff colleges are providing facilities of training to the employees of the bank so as to meeting the growing need of the banking field and coping with the changing environment of the country. UBL Sports Complex In addition to providing professional banking services, the bank continued to play an important role in the promotion of sports in the country. Towards this end, the bank has already constructed a big sports complex in Karachi, where all types of facilities for sports like cricket, hockey and flood light courts for tennis and basketball have been provided. Corporate Banking Our mission is to serve all your corporate needs and ensure your full satisfaction through product innovation, personalized banking, and top notch service. The CBG department of UBL defines corporate banking in Pakistan. Amongst the local banks UBL CBG is the pioneer in providing innovative solutions to its diversified and satisfied customer base. UBL CBG is considered to be a major player in the financial market of Pakistan. The Corporate Banking Group focuses on attracting and servicing large portfolio customers. Our forte is providing exemplary customer service using the Single Window concept and product superiority. The Relationship Management team manned by highly qualified individuals from the industry has steadily expanded our customer base and continues to enhance our cordial relations with our esteemed clients. Despite the sluggish economic growth in recent years, UBL outperformed all the other local banks in the corporate banking sector primarily due to CBGs emphasis on establishing and enhancing relationships with foreign/local blue chip and middle market customer’s thereby capturing significant market share. UBLs appetite for large exposures coupled with dedicated Structured Finance Unit, and an innovative team of professionals having extensive experience of Corporate Banking gives it the right platform to succeed in todays competitive and a demanding environment. The success of CBG has been established from the fact that UBL received the No. Euro money 2000 Best Local Bank award and recognized it to have out performed all other banks. In year 2000, UBL was also voted as the best Corporate Bank by the customers of a major foreign bank in a survey. Aggressive marketing combined with professionalism has led to an increase in UBLs market share with top corporate customers and in some cases replacing Foreign Banks. Presently, its portfolio includes the quality names in the country, which were initially confined to foreign banks only. Customer Service CBG – Offers full spectrum of services |[pic] |  | Relationship Banking This forms the pillar of our strategy as it is the primary tool towards providing you full satisfaction. Relationship Banking involves: ? Assessing and understanding customer needs ? Providing you advice on your business needs ? Helping you find viable financial solutions for your business problems ? Acting as the primary contact for you Customer Service We believe in customer retention through quality service that would encourage you to continue to bank with us your loyalty. Our UNISERVICE concept strives to attain excellence in customer service. We aim to provide total customer satisfaction through UNISERVICE, which will soon be available at our full-service branches covering: ? Trade finance ? Letters of Guarantee ? Letters of Credit Funds Transfer ? Remittances ? Bill Discounting ? Export Financing ? Credit Extension Product Range When you come to UBL, you get a full range of Products and Services to choose from: Corporate Finance ? Loan Syndication ? Structured Finance ? Term Fi nance Certificates Finance/Credit Extension ? Local Currency Facilities ? Overdrafts ? Demand Finance ? Working Capital Finance ? Import Financing ? Receivable Discounting ? Pre and Post Export Financing ? LMM Funding Trade ? Documentary Letters of Credit ? Standby Letters of Credit Guarantee ? Documentary Collection ? Funds Transfer Investment/Cash Management ? Current PLS Accounts ? Foreign Currency Cash Collection ? Utility Bill Collection ? Capital Market Hybrid Products ? FX Spot, Forwards and Hedging ? Rice/Cotton Financing for Ginners Investment Banking UBL IBG is now known as UBL Fund Manager (UFM). UFM specializes in providing innovative  and unique advice to its clients to  assist them in meeting challenges in an ever-changing market UFM consists of twelve dedicated professionals supported by over 30 relationship managers in six different locations. Rich execution experience ensures  seamless deal closures currently in the process of setting up  fund management f acilities. An active player in the market Current mandates add up to over Rs. 6 billion a healthy mixture of structuring,  advisory and project finance business either leading or participating in almost all the major TFCs Greater flexibility in deal structuring due to access to UBL’s financial resources Close liaison and top-level contacts  with Ministry of Finance, Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan,  Karachi Stock Exchange, State Bank of  Pakistan for swift execution Services [pic] Overseas UBL, with an integrated network of over 1400 branches globally, with 19 overseas locations, gives you direct access to a comprehensive range of better banking facilities to help you monitor your business internationally. We have branches in: ? United States of America ? Qatar ? UAE ? Bahrain ? Republic of Yemen Off Shore banking Unit and subsidiaries in: o United Kingdom o Zurich Credit Administration section When the credit facilities are approved then work of credit administration department starts. It performs two functions: †¢ Pre-dispersal function (before advancing facility) †¢ Post-dispersal Function (after credit facility is dispersed) It keeps three sections named as: †¢ Processing Section †¢ Documentation Section †¢ MIS (Management Information System) Section Relationship managers (RM’s) bring cases from customers and present to RCAD. RM’s have direct contact with customers. Case first comes to Processing Officer who checks the necessary prudential requirements if so then case is forwarded to Risk Management Department (RMD) otherwise send back to ( RM) to fulfill necessary requirements. Risk Management Department (RMD) verifies attached documents and send back documents after risk analysis and mention how much loan is to issue (under SBP limitations). Documentation Officer verifies the originality of documents attached and finally DAC (disbursement authorization certificate) is issued to customer. MIS keeps record of the customer in computer. And customer account is opened in the UNI bank (it is also software which keeps record that how much loan the customer has availed). Under mentioned process flow diagram present the right picture. Process Flow Diagram of Loan Disbursement [pic] My Learning as an Internee [pic] My Learning in the bank I worked in credit departments Credit Department Deposits are the liabilities of bank while advances are the assets of the bank. To balance these two sides, bank attracts the current as well as prospective customers to deposit their savings by offering high rate of interest/ profit, while in order to increase its assets, bank attracts its customers by Corporate Banking Group (CBG). The Corporate Banking Group at United Bank Limited is dedicated to providing its clients the highest level of service possible. United Bank Limited is dedicated towards developing relationships with corporate clients to service their financial needs worldwide. The Corporate Banking Group manages a high quality asset portfolio being an active player in many sectors including textile, sugar, leather, pharmaceutical, fertilizer, petrochemical, power, automotive, telecommunications, oil and gas distribution, marketing and refining and fast moving consumer goods industries. United Bank Limited offers a full range of financial services to support any or every part of a customers’ business transaction. Each solution is tailored to meet their specific business objectives. Working Capital / Term Loan Corporate banking group works closely with customers to understand the dynamics of their business so that it can anticipate and serve short-term and long-term funding needs in the most efficient manner, drawing from the full range of its resources and capabilities. Small and Medium Enterprise Group SME Group strives to apply a unique blend of finance, industry and technological expertise to keep pace with dynamic markets and translating insights into solutions that meet diverse financial needs. Documents Required for Providing Credit facility All facilities whether long or short term in nature is reviewed annually to evaluate that how a borrower has performed during its most recent fiscal year. Such reviews are conducted based on written analysis. Such analysis communicates to the credit approving officers the information needed for arriving at a credit decision. A credit presentation package consists of the following documents: ? Credit Approval (CA) ? Obligor Risk Rating Form ? Basic Information Report ? Borrower Basic Fact Sheet ? Financial Spreads ? Financial Projections (For Term Financing) ? Credit Memorandum ? CIB Report checking ? Bank/Market checking Credit Approval Package (CA) CA form is a complete document in which RM describes true position of the company. This form once completed summarizes the aggregate credit risk being approved, description of individual credit lines, and details of security obtained against each line. Credit application has two parts, in the first part we define the facilities which we provide to the customer. Like ? NICF (Hypo) ? NICF (Pledge) ? LC (Letter of credit) ? LG (Letter of Guarantee) ? FE 25 Second part of credit application consist of ten contents which describes way we giving felicities to customer. Purpose of submission / synopsis of transaction ? Industry / Strategy ? Financial Analysis ? Security Support ? Probability of Default ? Sources of Repayment ? Key Risks along with mitigating factors ? Relationship Strategy ? Conclusion Approver’s Comments / Observations In each of above content we have to write clear description about the customer Borrower Basic Fact Sheet (BBFS) It’s the responsibility of relationship manager at credit department to collect as much information about custome r as possible at the time of initiation of a relationship. BBFS consist of true information about the customer, board of directors and their residential addresses. Basic information Report (BIR) It consists of industry information. If it is a group of companies, partnership or private limited then it consists its business code. It also provides actual business address, phone number, industry name etc. MIS officer consider BIR while putting informations in CARS (Credit Analysis and Reporting System) Obligor Risk Rating Form (ORR) This form enables to weigh all United Bank Limited credits regardless of type, nature, or location of the borrower. Risk ratings are assigned on an obligor level on a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being the highest quality risk and 10 being the lowest, classified as doubtful of recovery. Risk Ratings are assigned and approved when credit is initially extended and is updated annually. Risk rating is also reviewed immediately and accordingly adjusted, if necessary, whenever there is a material adverse event such as adverse classification of the credit facilities. Financial Spreads Purpose of this form is to meet financial analysis requirements. This form consists of five pages, which are developed on â€Å"Excel† system. A summary of financial statements is automatically generated which also provides key financial indicators, growth historic patterns, and ratio analysis. Relationship manager analyzes three years historic audited-financial statements, as well as the recent financial statements. Financial Projections Financial projections are prepared by customers, which forecast their performance in near future. Financial projections help credit department to determine the expected assets and liabilities position and cash generating ability to repay debts. Credit Memorandum Credit decisions are made on the basis of the contents presented in this document. Credit memorandum is prepared with precision and accuracy of information. A well-structured credit memorandum usually evolves around the following topics: †¢ Purpose of presenting the credit memorandum †¢ Relationship background of borrower with United Bank Limited †¢ Relationship profitability †¢ Relationship strategy †¢ Management assessment †¢ Financial Analysis Bank/Market checking These checking provide unbiased information about borrower, which is obtained, from his customers, competitors, and suppliers. Credit checking on borrower is also obtained by manager from his bank. CIB (Credit Information Bureau) Report Checking CIB report depicts that how much customer has availed exposure from different banks allover Pakistan. UBL is one of few banks of Pakistan which has centralized information reporting system i. e. CARS and CREAMS. Through CARS data is directly reported to State bank of Pakistan. State Bank carries informations from all of the banks in Pakistan and shows full exposure of the very customer in CIB report. Covenants Check-offs In term lending multiple covenants, financial as well as qualitative, are imposed by lenders. At the time of annual review of the term facilities it is checked that if borrower adheres to these covenants. Steps involve in Credit advancement process includes: †¢ Customer relationship (customer must open current account with the bank) †¢ Customer’s facility request †¢ Credit application †¢ Facility offer Types of Loans Basic purpose of credit department is the advancement of loans to its customers. Loans are basically of two types: Funded Facilities In funded facilities bank’s cash is physically involved. Funded facilities include: Running Finance Term Finance Finance against Bill Purchased (FBP) ? FBP (Own Acceptance Purchase) ? FAFB (Finance against Foreign Bill) ? Export Refinance Part-I SBP (pre-shipment) ? Export Refinance part-I SBP (Post-shipment) Export Refinance part-II (SBP) ? Forced Acceptance ? FIM (Finance against Imported Merchandise) ? FATR (Finance against Trust Receipt) ? Dollar Financing (Pre-shipment) Non-Funded Facility In non-funded facility bank’s cash is not physically involved. Non-Funded facilities include: o Sight L/C o Usance L/C o Acceptance o Guarantee (L/G) Term Finance It’s a long-term finance facility, which is acquired to purchase fixed assets of a business. Customer borrows from bank a fixed amount repayable either in periodic installments or in lump sum at a fixed future time. Utilization of term finance decreases with the payment of installments. Payment tenor ? I year Over 1 year ? 1-5 years Syndicate Financing Such financing is used to finance some mega project. Equity of the firm is considered when providing this type of financing. The credit-requesting firm must maintain its 40% equity. To meet remaining capital requirements the firm signs a syndicate in which three or four banks jointly finance the project. One of these banks will be the leading bank, which contributes major portion of financing. So the leading bank has the major share in the installment amount received from the borrower. Money Market Deal It’s term finance. This type of financing is between banks. Diff erent banks interact with one another. If a bank has more over night funds available, which are not in use, then banks offer different rates to lend or to acquire those extra funds. Finance against Foreign Bills (FAFB) When the exporter needs finance before the payment date, he can give the bill of exchange to the negotiating bank and get the finance against that bill. In this case the bill is given as security. Ownership is not transferred to the bank. FAFB is the post -shipment finance. Foreign Bills Purchased (FBP) When the bank purchases the bills then ownership/title of security is transferred to the bank. So the bills become the property of the bank. Finance against Imported Merchandise (FIM) This type of finance is related with sight L/C. in this type of finance, the goods imported are taken by the importer’s bank as the security. As the demand for goods arise, the importer get the units of goods according to the demand from bank and pays markup and amount for that much amount of goods. Finance against Trust Receipt It is also related with sight L/C. when the goods arrive at the port, then in order to release the goods, the importer needs documents. If the importer has not yet made payments then the importer’s bank gets a Trust Receipt signed by the importer for the time period for which the bank, for releasing the goods, gives the documents to him. It’s a strong legal document. If the importer refuses to make payment after getting his goods, then the bank against him can take a strict legal action. Collateral/Securities Collateral is the amount of assets the applicant has available for use in securing the credit. The larger the amount of the available assets, the greater the chance that a bank will recover its funds if the applicant defaults, A review of the applicant’s balance sheet and any legal claims filed against the applicant’s assets can be used to evaluate the collateral. Types of Securities Pledge Pledge is the advancement of loans against the security of current assets i. e. inventory, trade receivables. In this type of security the ownership and possession of the security is with the bank. Mortgage In this type of security, the credit is given against immovable property i. e. land, building. Bank has the right to sell the property if the payment is not made. Types of Mortgage †¢ English Mortgage †¢ Equitable Mortgage †¢ Token Registered Mortgage †¢ Full Registered Mortgage English Mortgage In this type of mortgage the mortgagor (applicant) binds himself to repay the mortgage money on a certain date, and transfers the mortgage property absolutely to the bank. The banks will re-transfer both the possession and ownership of that property upon the payment of the mortgage money. Full Registered Mortgage In this type of mortgage the applicant will fully registered his property. More commission is charged in this case. Token Registered Mortgage In this type of mortgage, small portion of the property will be registered with the registrar office while the remaining will be equitable mortgage. In this way less commission will be charged. Equitable Mortgage In this type of mortgage, the bank will take all the title deeds from registrar office. A memorandum of â€Å"Deposit of title deeds† is signed by the mortgagor in whom he mentions that he is giving his property as the security to the bank. After the bank takes title deeds there will be no copy of the title deeds with the registrar. In case of equitable mortgage the ownership is with bank and possession is with customer. Bank’s Lien Lien is the banks right to withheld property until the claim on the property is paid. In lien the borrower remains the owner of the property while the possession is with the bank. Bank has no right to sell the property. Hypothecation It’s a legal transaction in which the goods may be taken as security for a debt without transferring either property or possession to the lender. It’s a security against current assets. Security is granted by means of the letter of hypothecation. Charge Charge is the right of payment out of certain property. Charge gives the right of pledge, hypothecation, mortgage and lien. Banks have to register their charge/right with SECP (Securities and Exchange Commission Pakistan). SECP maintains the records of all the companies i. e. what are the assets of companies, their board of directors. Every limited company keeps its records with SECP Charge involves ranking. Pari Passu In ranking if the customer (company) has already taken loans from other banks then SECP ranks those banks. The settlement of the loan amount will be done according to the ranking of the banks. In case of Pari Passu the bank from which the customer is going to get facility is ranked equivalent to the first/highest priority bank. in this case the priorities of other banks will decrease. For this the customer has to obtain NOC (No Objection Certificate) from other banks. Guarantees A guarantee is the promise by one person, called the guarantor, to another for answering the present or future debts of a second person called the principal debtor. Types of Guarantees UNITED BANK LIMITED issues the following types of guarantees depending on the needs of the customers: ? Tender Guarantees (Bid bonds) ? Performance Guarantees ? Advance Payment Guarantees ? Financial Guarantees Letter of Credit International trade involves numerous factors such as payment for imports in the exporter’s country, shipment of goods within the limitations prescribed and difficulties of enforcing legal rights in the foreign country etc. Therefore, to overcome these impediments a system has been enforced, this system is represented by ‘Letter of Credit. The letter of credit is today the foremost way of financing international trade. In simple words, a letter of credit (L/C) can be defined as: â€Å"A bank’s written undertaking given to the exporter for payment of a certain sum of money on behalf of the importer provided the exporter tenders to the bank, or its overseas agents, the specified documents within a specified period in accordance with the terms of the undertaking†. There are four basic parties involved in an L/C: ? Importer ? Issuing Bank ? Exporter (Beneficiary) ? Beneficiary’s Bank Advantages of an L/C Following are some of the main advantages of a letter of credit: Since a letter of credit is opened only for the importers with established credit standing, the exporter is sure of receiving the price of his commodity and there is no need to check the credibility of the importer. †¢ An exporter may obtain necessary finance immediately on shipment under a letter of credit (through negotiation, OD Buying). †¢ A letter of credit may help the importer to meet its financial difficulties. He may obtain some finances against the L/C (as FIM, FATR etc. ). †¢ Similarly, an L/C enables the exporter to obtain finances from his bank, for the operations of production even before shipment (e. g. Pre-shipment finance). Forms of a Letter of Credit Revocable L/C â€Å"A revocable letter of credit may be amended or cancelled by the issuing bank at any moment, without prior notice to the beneficiary†. This form of letter of credit gives the buyer maximum facility but it places the seller in difficult position when the goods are in transit and the credit is revoked before the documents are presented and payment has not been made on presentation which is the cause of great loss to the seller. Irrevocable L/C â€Å"An irrevocable credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to accept and pay the bills drawn upon it so long as the terms and conditions stipulated in the letter are fulfilled†. This form of letter of credit can be amended or cancelled only with the agreement of all parties to it. Therefore, it gives the seller complete protection. In Pakistan, all banks including united Bank are permitted to open irrevocable L/C’s only. Confirmed Unconfirmed L/C’s A confirmed credit is the one that has been confirmed by the advising bank. By confirming a credit, the bank agrees to take the liability of making payment to the seller if the issuing bank defaults for any reason. â€Å"When an issuing bank authorizes or requests another bank to confirm its irrevocable credit and the latter has added its confirmation, such confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of such bank (the confirming bank), in addition to that of issuing bank, provided the stipulated documents are presented and that the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with. † Whereas, an unconfirmed credit is one that exclusively depends upon the issuing bank’s obligation. The parties to the present day international trade transactions prefer a confirmed irrevocable credit because it is an instrument of highest quality which ensures the payment to the seller by the advising bank while the buyer is assured of receiving the documents of title to goods, as specified in the terms of credit. Types of a Letter Of Credit There are two main types of an L/C that are being practiced. Sight L/C â€Å"If the beneficiary of a credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is a Sight Credit†. In this form of credit the exporter draws a sight or demand draft (DD) payable at the counters of the advising bank or the bank specified in the letter of credit. The draft (bill of exchange) is paid on presentation provided that all the other terms of the credit have been complied with. Usance L/C When a credit stipulates payment to the beneficiary upon the maturity of a bill of exchange drawn under the terms of the credit, it is an ‘acceptance credit’, ‘terms credit’ or Usance credit†. In this form of credit the beneficiary draws a draft for a particular Usance (e. g. 30, 60 or 90 days etc. ), payable upon either the correspondent bank or the issuing bank. In normal practices, UBL opens Sight L/C’s because in Sight L/C the importer first pays the L/C amount (invoice price) to the issuing bank and then gets the possession of documents. So the bank becomes secure in this way. L. C keeps Performa invoice which keep major essentials in bullets forms. Performa Invoice Its essential elements are written as; ? Seller company name Buyer company name ? Buyer and seller company’s bank’s names ? Commodity ? Quantity ? Unit price ? Total price ? Payment procedures ? Delivery ? Port of loading ? Port of destination ? L. C beneficiary (must be seller) ? Amount and quantity with percentage of error ? L. C expiry date ? L. C opening date ? L. C must be opened before expiry date ? Vessel ( ship’s name) Qualifications for an Importer to Get an L/C Issued A Letter of Credit cannot be opened on behalf of a person unless he fulfills the following requirements: ? The person must be an account holder of UBL. ? No person can be an importer without first being registered with EPB. So the person must have valid import registration with Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) of Pakistan. This registration is not necessary for those who have been exempted from it. ? The person must process a valid membership certificate of Trade Organization, licensed and recognized by Federal Government like a Chamber of Commerce. ? The person must possess a valid NTN (National Tax No. ) certificate. ? The person must have the Sales Tax Registration Certificate. ? Obtaining of Import License is no more required. Stock Reports Stock reports are sent by the external auditors which are registered evaluators to UBL. They evaluate stock of the company lying in the godowns. They give final words whether these following essentials are up-to-date. Fire extinguishers ? Stock replacement ? Godown condition ? Guard residence permanent or not ? Stock condition ? Tagging over the stock ? Evaluation of stock in terms of million rupee ? Insurance against fire and burglary MIS officer check these report s and inspect whether these amounts mentioned in the stock reports are according to the security issued. If above mentioned any thing is not up-to-date. Then the stock report is considered unsatisfactory and debit is blocked till the company corrects its unsatisfactory items. I separated the reports which keep the unsatisfactory items. CREAMS (Credit Risk Environment’s Administration Management System) UBL is from few Pakistani Banks which keeps centralized information system. CREAMS is one of them. CREAM is highly customizable and parameterizes able software. CREAM is developed with the ideology that it can operate in all parts of the world. Certainly there are different operational, monitoring and regulatory requirements depending upon the region where the bank is operating. Further more; a single bank may operate in more than one region of the world. Parameterization lets CREAM behave according to the requirement of the region. This customization is a one time initiative and once CREAM has the requisite information, it will behave according to the bank’s requirement. This section will explain the all CREAM setup screens one by one. It must be noted the once the Parameterization phase is completed by bank then bank must lock this section. That is only authorized person (Mostly Credit Head) can enter to this section, not every one who is using CREAM application. All the Screens below have some common buttons which is going to be explaining here once with their short cut keys. Action Buttons Add Button (Alt + A): Used to add a new record Edit Button (Alt + E): Used to edit an existing record. Delete Button (Alt + D): Used to delete a record Cancel Button (Alt + C): Used to cancel a ongoing action of add, edit. Navigation Buttons First Button (Alt+F): Used to see First record. Next Button (Alt+N): Used to see the next record of the existing opened record Previous Button (Alt+P): Used to see the previous record of existing opened record. Last Button (Alt+L): Used to see the last record. Print Button: Exit (Alt+X): Used to exit from the current screen. If any one of action buttons (ADD / Edit / Delete) is disable on any screen then it means that the user don’t have a right of that action. Working of CREAMS Its working is mainly divided into three parts ? Part-1(Setup( Parameterization) Section ? Part-II( Post Granting Section ? Part-III( Transaction Section Part-1(Setup (Parameterization) Section) This part consist of many set ups but most prominent are country, region, branch, currency, about credit policy, Collateral setup etc. About Document Linkage Screen Path: Setup(Documentation(Document Linkage Screen It is the main screen we define that against which entity (like Facility, collateral) which document we require. It depends on the bank’s policy and varies from bank to bank. For example if a bank says that for the facility â€Å"FE-25, they require the document â€Å"Dollar Demand Promissory Note†. For this We Use the following screen to link the Document Dollar Demand Promissory note† against the Facility â€Å"FE-25†. This Screen is used to Link a Document against the Following entities. ? Legal Status (Also Called Customer Type) ? Facility ? Collateral ? General [pic] Field Name |Description | |Document Name |Not Given by user here. Populated here from Document Setup | | |(Setup(Documentation Setup(Document Setup. ). select the document fro m the | | |list | |Critical |If the disbursement is not possible without receiving this document then | | |marks it as a critical here. |Legal status |If a document required against the legal status (Customer type like | | |Public Limited company) of a customer then select the type as Legal | | |status. When we select the legal Status then it will show the entire type| | |name on the right. So from there the user have to select the type name. | |Facility |If a document required against the Facility then select the type as | | |Facility. When we select the Facility then it will show the all | | |facilities on the right. So from there the user have to select the | | |Facility name | |Collateral |If a document required against the Collateral then select the type as | | |Collateral. When we select the Facility then it will show the all | | |Collaterals on the right. So from there the user have to select the | | |Collateral name | |General |If there is a general type of document then select it as general. | |Linkage Action(insertion |It means the document is required only once. | |Linkage Action(renewal |Do you u need this document on renewal of customer if yes then also | | |select it. |Linkage Action(Enhanced |Do you need this document on Enhancement if yes then select it also | |Linkage-(Manual Insertion |Tick this check box of if you want manually insert this document | |Linkage Action (OTT |Do you need any document on OTT if yes then also select it. | About Collateral Set up: Path: Setup( Parameters (Collateral( Collateral Type Screen Here we can add a new collateral accordingly banks requirement. Collateral is an extra comfort obtained by a bank from its customers requesting funded or unfounded facility from a bank. Collaterals are usually valued asset which the customer hands over to the Bank as an assurance for the Bank in case of a ny default. [pic] [pic] Part-II( Post Granting Section This section contains much more setup but two more important are customer setup and facility set up. Which are as follow: Path: Post Granting( Customer Setup [pic] Path: Post granting ( Approval Package ( Approved Facilities [pic] Part-III( Transaction Section When the User will select the action of Extension or Extending Current Expiry of an Approval Effects of this Action Current Expiry in Approval Record screen will be changed to New Expiry which you will enter using this screen. [pic] |Field |Description | |Action Taken |Extension | |Approval Authority |Selection of the Name of Approval Authority | |Action Date |Date on which Approval Action is performed on this Approval | |Approval Action Code |Its an informative field | |Action Description |User can provide any extra information related to this transaction | |Approval Current Expiry] Old Expiry |CREAM will retrieve its Current Expiry from the database | |New Expiry Date |User will provide new expiry date | View of the Screen When Action is blocked [pic] Field |Description | |Action On Facility |Select the action from the drop down menu list as â€Å" Blocked† | |Action Date |The date of action. | |Action Description |Give description if any about this action | |Customer Facility Action Code |An informative field | |Facility Name Description |An informative Filed. It will show the Name of Facility and its | | |Description . Comes here from Customer Facility Screen. | About Document Transaction Screen Path: Transaction ( General ( Documentation Transaction User can do the following actions against the documents which we have already defined against the entities Customer type, Collateral Type, Facility General [pic] CREAMS is very wide software and can’t be explained in short with full understanding. These snap shots show its major features. CARS (Credit Analysis Reporting System) Consumer blue forms are generated for individual and sole proprietorship accounts. I worked in CARS (business software). At initial stage, I worked over consumer blue forms and entered consumer record in the software. I was assigned work to enter record of various customers in the software and I fulfilled my duty diligently. Following details should be entered in the software. If single of them is missing, blue form is considered incomplete keeping insufficient data; ? New and old NIC ? Gender ? Customer and his/her father/husband name ? Date of birth ? Home address ? Business name and address ? Security which is to be pledged Account Tagging Account tagging is also a part of CARS. Parties which have availed loan facility from UBL are tagged in CARS with their specific accounts. In UBL indiviual and sole proprietor account is tagged with 6160777. While partnership, public and private limited accounts are tagged with State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) provided group and subgroup codes. Templates are provided by UBL from which we could check whether the account comes under indiviual or private limited option. After confirming from templates account is tagged under their respective heads. RM’s (Relationship Managers) when record informations of customers, they wrongly put the account numbers of the customers as; ? Tagged with tetra eight ? Tagged without tetra eight ? Wrongly tagged ? Indiviual ? Final tagged RM’s (Relationship Managers) some times due to negligence mention account numbers in above mentioned ways. The above mentioned account’s informations are as Tagging with Tetra eight As RM’s (Relationship Managers) by negligence, some times tag the accounts with tetra eight i. e. account number is shown as (8888). It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Tagging without Tetra eight RM’s (Relationship Managers) sometimes mentiuon account without tetra eight (8888) and keep them blank or untagged. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Wrongly Tagged: RM’s (Relationship Managers) sometimes wrongly tag the account. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Indiviual RM’s (Relationship Managers) mention the account by individual’s account which is tagged by (6160777) in UBL. It is to tag indiviual and sole proprietorships by 6160777. It is counted as wrongly tagged by CAR’S (Business software). Final Tag When the account is tagged, it is final account and confirmed. There is no need to review but it may be that mistake is made in tagging. FRN Tagging FRN is a number which is made by joining branch number with account number. i. e. if account number is 3457896 and account is opened in branch number 28 then its FRN number will be 283457896. Each customer is also tagged with FRN number. Report Viewing CARS have also option to view many reports like account tagging summary, blue form, central liability report etc. Most common report is blue form. After construction of blue form its report is viewed and prints out is taken for record. Product, Solutions and Services [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] UBL Wallet [pic] UBL Wallet ATM / Debit Card is all the convenience security you desire and the quality you deserve. This Wallet holds all the cash in your bank account. With UBL Wallet you can withdraw cash at ATMs any time, or make cashless purchases at outlets through the Debit Card facility. With no joining fee and an accompanying complimentary cardholder for your convenience, UBL Wallet has been designed to exhibit the best in features and facilities, as well as look feel. Because at UBL, you come first UBLs dedicated staff is at your service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can call our contact centre at 0800-11-825 (Toll-Free), or you can simply pick up the telephone placed next to every UBL ATM and be instantly connected to our customer service representative via a hotline Online Banking [pic] With UBL’s state of the art online banking, you can access your account from more than 350 branches located in 71 cities across Pakistan. Your account gets to travel with you and can be accessed throughout Pakistan, Now UBL enables you to do all the following Transactions in minutes through designated online branches. Salient features of online banking are: ? Cash Deposit ? Cheques Encashment ? Stop Payment ? Account Statement ? Funds Transfer (Account to account / IBCA) UBL Credit Card UBL Credit Card Features Welcome to the world of UBL Credit Cards. Pakistan’s 1st Chip Credit Card that guarantees you both enjoyment and high value. It assures you global acceptability in more than 22 million establishments worldwide in 130 countries and in more than 12, 000 outlets within Pakistan The UBL Credit Card †¦.. Mazay Mein Raho. ? This unique high tech CHIP guarantees your security while conducting transactions within Pakistan and around the world. CHIP based credit cards have proven to be the most secure way of conducting credit card transactions globally. ? No more tedious points to accumulate or boring catalogues to redeem from. Win your prizes instantly! ? Visit selected UBL Chip Reward outlets and get exciting gifts on the spot. The more you visit, the more you get. All you do is dip the Chip to win free meals, free household goods, free electronic items, free clothes and a lot more. ? A Choice of Rewards Along with exciting Chip Rewards you has a choice between Free Road Miles and Free Talk Time. ? Spend Rs 5000 anywher e on your UBL Credit Card and get guaranteed 3 liters petrol free from any PSO outlet nationwide. If you spend more, you get more. So keep driving, keep smiling. [pic] Spend Rs 5000 anywhere on your UBL Credit Card and get guaranteed 30 minutes free. What’s more, you get a free Mobilink Postpaid Connection with your UBL Credit Card. If you spend more, you get more minutes. So talk freely, stay connected. [pic] UBL Business Partner [pic] UBL Business partner†¦ a complete solution to all your Business Financing needs, With UBL Business Financing facility, you can now take your business to greater and newer heights, and achieve the level of success that you truly deserve. UBL Business partner is a running Finance facility that not only provides funds for growth but also enables you to capitalize on profitable opportunities. With UBL Business partner, now you will surely say: Ab Hui †¦ Kamiyaabi Meri Manzill. What is Business partner? â€Å"It is a ‘Credit Line/ OD Facility’ against Residential Property. It is an evergreen credit line that the customer can use for his/her business expansion† TezRaftaar [pic] Free Doorstep Remitta